To ensure its functioning, the EU has seven main institutions, each with specific functions:
- European Parliament: It represents the citizens and is elected by direct vote.
- European Council: It defines the overall political direction and priorities of the EU. It is made up of the heads of state or of government of the member states.
- Council of the European Union: It the governments of the Member States and, together with the European Parliament, adopts legislation.
- European Commission: It is the EU’s executive body and it’s responsible for proposing and implementing legislation, managing policies and representing the EU externally.
- Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU): It ensures compliance with European rules and uniform interpretation of EU law.
- European Central Bank (ECB): It is responsible for monetary policy and the euro.
- European Court of Auditors: It oversees the EU's financial management and ensures the efficient use of its resources.
In addition, the EU has other key bodies that contribute to its functioning:
- European Economic and Social Committee (EESC): It represents organised civil society on economic and social issues.
- European Committee of the Regions (CoR): It expresses the views of regional and local authorities in European legislation.
- European Ombudsman: It handles complaints about maladministration in EU institutions.
- European Investment Bank (EIB): It funds projects that boost European development.